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The general impression of Zanzibar when approached from the mainland is of a long, low island with small ridges along its central north–south axis. Coconut palms and other vegetation cover the land surface. Photo: Supplied/FoodForAfrika.com

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    The upcoming Senegal summit is a follow-up to the 2015 inaugural edition during which the “Feed Africa” strategy for Agricultural Transformation (2016-2025) in Africa was proposed. Photo: Supplied/FoodForAfrika.com

    Food production summit to open in Senegal

    Tomato losses: Solar-powered cold storage technology is of prime significance in Africa’s efforts to cut post-harvest tomato losses and attain food security, as outlined in the African Union Malabo Declaration. Photo: Supplied/FoodForAfrika.com

    Tanzania’s tomato harvest goes to waste

    Contextually, an average cow yields about 10 kilograms of dung per day, which corresponds to 1 000 litre biogas, equivalent to 2.14 kWh (electricity) while 1 000 litres of biomethane equals 10 kWh. Photo: Supplied/FoodForAfrika.com

    Biogas: ‘Cow dung can keep the lights on in SA’

    The Maputo Port is one of a number of harbours on the continent undergoing a changes to ready it for expansion. Photo: Wikicommons Media/Supplied

    ‘Ports race’ in Africa cuts both ways

    Mohamed Dhicis (19) started a beekeeping business in his hometown of Belet Weyne, in central Somalia. He is supported by an entrepreneurship develop programme of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in collaboration with the Somali Ministry of Commerce and Industries. Photo: Supplied/United Nations

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    “EOS_SAT-1 is already fueled, configured for launch and integrated onto the upper stage of the rocket, waiting for the last remaining thing ¬– launch.” This notice and picture was posted on the Twitter page of aerospace start-up Dragonfly Aerospace. Photo: Twitter

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    Women attend a UNFPA-supported integrated community health outreach session on prevention and response to gender-based violence. Lokapararai village, Turkana county, Kenya. Photo: Supplied/UNFPA Kenya

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    Child labour has increased exponentially over the course of the past four years, according to UNICEF and ILO. Photo: Wikkimedia Commons

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    5 ways tech is transforming agrifood systems

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    The upcoming Senegal summit is a follow-up to the 2015 inaugural edition during which the “Feed Africa” strategy for Agricultural Transformation (2016-2025) in Africa was proposed. Photo: Supplied/FoodForAfrika.com

    Food production summit to open in Senegal

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Here’s how farming transformed Zanzibar’s coastline

As more land was used for urban living and agriculture in Zanzibar, more sediment moved from the land to the sea. This contributed to growth of beach fronts, physically altering the coastal landscape and the ecological conditions of the adjacent sea-scape

by The Conversation
6 Apr 2022
in Agri News, Lifestyle
Reading Time: 5 mins read
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The general impression of Zanzibar when approached from the mainland is of a long, low island with small ridges along its central north–south axis. Coconut palms and other vegetation cover the land surface. Photo: Supplied/FoodForAfrika.com

The general impression of Zanzibar when approached from the mainland is of a long, low island with small ridges along its central north–south axis. Coconut palms and other vegetation cover the land surface. Photo: Supplied/FoodForAfrika.com

The medieval settlement of Unguja Ukuu, on the Zanzibar Archipelago off the coast of Tanzania, was a key port in an extensive Indian Ocean trade network that linked eastern Africa, southern Arabia, India and Southeast Asia.

Our archaeological research shows how human activities between the seventh and twelfth centuries AD irreversibly modified the shoreline around the site. At first, these changes may have helped the trading settlement develop, but later they may have contributed to its decline and abandonment. 

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Ancient seafaring

For millennia, the Indian Ocean has been the maritime setting for an early form of globalisation. Large trade networks operated across the vast ocean, foreshadowing modern global shipping networks. Unguja Ukuu was a crucial location in this early trade and an important node in the nascent slave trade out of continental Africa.

Unguja Ukuu was an active settlement from the mid-first millennium until the early second millennium AD. Archaeological evidence and historical accounts suggest Unguja Ukuu is one of the earliest known trading settlements on the Swahili coast.

The rise and fall of trading ports

To understand how and why early ports thrived or declined, it is important to know how the coastal landscape influenced the way traders operated. This includes their choice of mooring locations and their connections to inland locations. 

But the question of how these commercial activities in turn modified the coastline has received less attention.

Satellite image of the location of Unguja Ukuu and the surrounding landscape. Insets: A) the extent of the tidal channel leading to the settlement; B) satellite view of the settlement site; c) the Uzi channel leading towards the creek. Illustration by Juliën Lubeek. GoogleEarth, Author provided

Unguja Ukuu prospered in an ecologically marginal zone, hemmed in between the sandy back-reef shore of Menai Bay and mangrove-banked creeks to the east.

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Menai Bay afforded shelter from monsoonal storms and navigable waterways across the shallow inner shelf to the shore. It also provided food and other materials from the mangrove habitat. 

This landscape enabled the emergence of the farming, fishing, and trading settlement of Unguja Ukuu.

Sediment, sand and shells

We studied sediments, back-beach sands, and shells at Unguja Ukuu to understand how the settlement had affected its own environment. We found the accumulation of coastal sediments over centuries led to significant changes in the landscape.

Detritus from the settlement, such as food remains, hearths and other domestic waste, helped the beach spread outward into the sea. Our analyses show how human waste and the compaction of ancient surfaces drove the coastline change, supporting the emergence of a major trading site. 

Photograph of the north section of Trench UU14 with a schematic representation of facies. and the interpretations of the anthropogenic signatures in the sediments. Author provided.

As more land was used for urban living and agriculture, more sediment moved from the land to the sea. This contributed to rapid growth of beach fronts, physically altering the coastal landscape and the ecological conditions of the adjacent sea-scape.

These changes in turn could have resulted in habitat shifts and silting of the lagoon which possibly contributed to Unguja Ukuu’s decline. 

Early human impacts

Human-made processes might also be implicated in the decline and eventual abandonment of Unguja Ukuu in the second millennium AD. This was an important period in the socio-political and economic transformation of coastal African societies, marking the emergence of maritime Swahili culture. 

But suggesting a purely environmental cause for the settlement’s abandonment would be too simplistic. The interaction of coastal villages and harbours with their dynamic landscapes may have had a role in this regional reorganisation of settlements, harbours, and trade flows.

New advances in archaeological science techniques, combined with systematic archaeological analyses, are increasingly allowing us to disentangle natural from human-made drivers of events. Such work often reveals far earlier human impacts than once envisioned, shedding light on the early roots of Earth’s current geological epoch: the Anthropocene, in which human activity is a key force reshaping the planet. 

Human-made soil

Our work records snapshots of the evolution of a natural coastal system at the fringes of an early settlement. 

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River sediments were covered by beach sands containing increasing amounts of human waste accumulating from the mid-seventh century AD.

This backshore activity area was used for small-scale subsistence activities (including processing shells for meat), trade, and the dumping of industrial waste. 

Earlier urban development shaped Unguja Ukuu’s soils over the long term and through periods of settlement decline and abandonment from the twelfth century AD onwards. A dark earth “anthrosol” (human-made soil) continues to evolve on these archaeological deposits today, supporting cultivation in and around the modern town.

Dark human-made soils such as these, formed by rapid decay of organic- and phosphate-rich waste from the settlement, may be used as markers for as-yet undiscovered archaeological sites on the eastern African coast. Their distinctive dark colour renders the soils easily identifiable on satellite images and other remote-sensing datasets.

Understanding the past to shape the future

Our study clearly shows how human modification of natural environments affected coastal landscapes on an East African island more than 1 000 years ago. These findings are a reminder that humans have been changing our environment for thousands of years – sometimes for the better, and sometimes for the worse. 

Studying history and archaeology is not simply about learning from our ancestors’ mistakes so that we don’t repeat them. It is also about ensuring that scientifically rigorous data that show how human activity in the past often altered the landscapes and environments in which people lived is effectively communicated, to both governments and the public. 

If we can do this we might be able to make better informed sustainable choices for the future of our planet.

  • Article originally published by The Conversation.
Tags: East AfricaZanzibar
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