Zimbabwe’s economy has continued to experience turbulence, despite having managed to weather a devastating spell of hyperinflation which peaked in 2008.
One economic area which has remained a thorn in the flesh for ordinary Zimbabweans has been the volatile currency. The country has struggled to sustain a stable currency. The Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD) was the official currency of Zimbabwe between 1980 and 2009. In the wake of hyperinflation, in 2009, it was retired and the country transitioned to a basket of mostly regional but also some global currencies.
In early 2019, the multiple currency regime was replaced by a new currency which was renamed the Zimbabwe dollar by Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. It is now the only legal form of tender in the country.
The implication of Zimbabwe’s currency woes has been that the foreign exchange rate has continued to be largely determined by a parallel market. This has its deep roots in speculative activities that were rife during the years of hyperinflation and which have persisted.
Pricing of goods has, thus, continued being dictated by the parallel market and foreign currency has remained in short supply. Speculators continue to engage in activities that rake in quick profits, at the expense of the economy and Zimbabweans. Speculators include influential political figures, big businesses and ordinary individuals.
In a bid to stabilise Zimbabwe’s currency volatility challenges and ease shortages of foreign currency, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe introduced the foreign exchange auction system in June 2020. But this didn’t liberalise the foreign currency market, as the bank has interfered in the auction in an attempt to control the exchange rate.
In my [Tapiwa Chagonda, Associate Professor of Sociology & Director of the Centre for Data Ethics at the Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg] view economic reforms alone cannot end the country’s economic crisis. Instead of more economic interventions, Zimbabwean society needs to self-introspect and assist in resetting the country’s ethical compass.
I am arguing for this approach from a sociological perspective of ethics. My doctorate focused on the response of the working class in the capital Harare to Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation and political crisis in the 2000s. One of my key findings was that a lot of workers’ ethical principles had been eroded by hyperinflation which required a repertoire of survivalist responses. These sometimes bordered on corruption and speculative activities.
In addition, in my current academic role I’ve had to grapple with the concept of ethics, not only from a research perspective, but also from a broader societal perspective, since it acts as the moral compass that guides our behaviour. Being an ethics pupil has made me revisit my thesis on Zimbabwe’s unending economic crisis, in addition to proffering possible solutions to this perpetual challenge.
Ethical regeneration of Zimbabwe
To keep pace with hyperinflation, a lot of Zimbabweans had to engage in speculative activities. This relied on hoarding commodities which were in short supply in the 2000s. They would often re-sell these at inflated prices on the parallel market. This meant that prices of goods continued to spiral, with speculators making a quick buck.
This behaviour of making quick money through speculation appears to have become ingrained in Zimbabwean society’s social fabric. Foreign currency traders have continued to operate a parallel foreign currency market, despite the taming of hyperinflation. In some instances they act on behalf of business and top politicians.
To eradicate the cancerous scourge of speculative behaviour, Zimbabwean society will have to also rely on societal ethical values as happened successfully in Asian countries such as China, Taiwan and Singapore. These countries blended Confucianism ethics with business practices.
Confucian ethics dictates hierarchical relationships and an identification with social rules. It also emphasises ‘self control of individuals’ in their conduct.
If this value of discipline and good conduct were exercised in Zimbabwe’s business ethics, the country’s economic fortunes might change for the better.
What’s needed
To kick-start the much needed ethical regeneration of Zimbabwean society political leaders need to take the lead in the fight against corrupt and speculative activities.
Rhetoric that purports to castigate corruption and putting in place economic measures to alleviate Zimbabwe’s monetary woes, will not suffice.
A Thomas Sankara kind of ethical leadership is what’s needed. Sankara, the President of Burkina Faso between 1983 and 1987 enforced a rule that the country’s political leaders publicly declare their financial assets and wealth before being sworn into office.
Another good model is the US’s approach to asset declarations by politicians. It forces transparency and ability of civil society to have these asset declarations audited. Transparency International argues that such ethical practice enables citizens to hold politicians accountable.
In addition, a continuous financial audit while in political office should subsequently be mandatory. The Transparency International chapter in Georgia has been doing this, and this assists in monitoring any unusual variances in politicians’ asset declarations.
What needs to be done
The government of Zimbabwe should take a leaf from Sankara’s Burkina Faso by expeditiously arresting and prosecuting individuals found guilty of corrupt and speculative activities, regardless of status in society.
South Korea does this. Corrupt leaders are arrested, regardless of political or financial clout.
In addition, the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission should be given the capacity to execute optimally. It’s meant to curb and expose corruption. But it’s blunted by underfunding.
It is also urgent that the Zimbabwean government should promulgate whistle blower protection legislation. Whistle blowers in the private and public sectors need to be protected.
The government also needs to take steps to improve governance practices in the private sector. The head of the the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission, Justice Loice Matanda-Moyo, recently claimed that the private sector was the biggest culprit of corrupt activities in the country.
The Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries and the Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce, the major representative bodies of business in Zimbabwe, should insist that every company has an ethics or compliance office. Their mandate would be to ensure ethical business conduct.
And it should be mandatory for all company top executives to issue an ethics statement annually, which reflects on their organisations’ ethics practices, good or bad.
Lastly, creating a society that is ethical in its conduct is a process that takes time. It should include inculcating ethical principles in the schooling system. This would mean that from a young age, Zimbabweans are taught about moral and upright behaviour. A model that is worth emulating is dotoku, or moral education, in the Japanese primary and junior high school education. This was introduced in 2018, and is a full-fledged subject with standardised textbooks .
This approach should be attached to other subjects too, such as science and business.
In other words, the word “ethics” should become synonymous with Zimbabwean society’s interactions and behaviour, and not an alien word.
This article was written by Tapiwa Chagonda and originally published by The Conversation.
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